{"id":3456,"date":"2025-10-29T15:38:35","date_gmt":"2025-10-29T19:38:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/?p=3456"},"modified":"2025-10-29T16:14:47","modified_gmt":"2025-10-29T20:14:47","slug":"the-philadelphia-giant-how-eniac-launched-the-digital-age","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/eternal-3456-the-philadelphia-giant-how-eniac-launched-the-digital-age","title":{"rendered":"The Philadelphia Giant: How ENIAC Launched the Digital Age"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The story of the first fully functional electronic digital computer, <strong>ENIAC<\/strong> (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), is intimately tied to Philadelphia. It was here, within the walls of the University of Pennsylvania&#8217;s Moore School of Electrical Engineering, at the height of a world conflict, that the machine that would change the world was born. The invention, officially unveiled in February 1946, served as the <strong>technological bridge between the mechanical era and the world of digital technology. <\/strong>Further on the website <a href=\"http:\/\/philadelphia.name\">philadelphia.name<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_74 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a3cb64d5b5ac\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a3cb64d5b5ac\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/eternal-3456-the-philadelphia-giant-how-eniac-launched-the-digital-age\/#The_Military_Demand\" >The Military Demand<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/eternal-3456-the-philadelphia-giant-how-eniac-launched-the-digital-age\/#The_Founders_of_the_Computer_Era\" >The Founders of the Computer Era<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/eternal-3456-the-philadelphia-giant-how-eniac-launched-the-digital-age\/#Staggering_Specifications\" >Staggering Specifications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/eternal-3456-the-philadelphia-giant-how-eniac-launched-the-digital-age\/#Programming_Through_Cables\" >Programming Through Cables<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/eternal-3456-the-philadelphia-giant-how-eniac-launched-the-digital-age\/#The_Legacy\" >The Legacy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/eternal-3456-the-philadelphia-giant-how-eniac-launched-the-digital-age\/#Technological_Fragility\" >Technological Fragility<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/eternal-3456-the-philadelphia-giant-how-eniac-launched-the-digital-age\/#The_Computing_Giant_Key_Facts\" >The Computing Giant: Key Facts<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Military_Demand\"><\/span>The Military Demand<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The primary and undeniable impetus for creating this colossal device (ENIAC) was the <strong>U.S. Army&#8217;s urgent need for ballistic calculations.<\/strong> This requirement was directly driven by the dynamics of <a href=\"https:\/\/philadelphiayes.com\/en\/eternal\/life-in-philadelphia-during-world-war-ii-and-the-role-of-women\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World War II<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the war, artillery units were constantly receiving new types of guns and shells, for which it was vital to quickly generate firing tables. Each calculation of a shell&#8217;s trajectory was extremely labor-intensive, requiring approximately a thousand mathematical operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This work was performed by people\u2014mostly female mathematicians\u2014who were then called \u201ccomputers\u201d (calculators). Calculating just one trajectory took a skilled human \u201ccomputer\u201d about <strong>16 days.<\/strong> In the dynamic conditions of wartime, where time was measured in lives, such a speed was critically insufficient and unacceptable. The army was drastically falling behind in providing the front lines with up-to-date data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This backlog created a top-priority military problem. The Army sought a tool capable of operating <strong>significantly faster and more accurately<\/strong> than human resources. The need to replace weeks of tedious computations with mere minutes became the key financial and intellectual catalyst that pushed engineers at the University of Pennsylvania to begin work on the first electronic digital computer. In fact, the strategic necessity of winning the war <strong>sparked the digital age.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"792\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3404\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-9.png 1440w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-9-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-9-768x422.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-9-696x383.png 696w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-9-1068x587.png 1068w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Founders_of_the_Computer_Era\"><\/span>The Founders of the Computer Era<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The project was spearheaded by two talented engineers: <strong>John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.<\/strong> Mauchly, a physicist by training, proposed the revolutionary idea of using vacuum tubes instead of slow electromechanical relays. Eckert, serving as the chief engineer, ensured the technical realization of this concept.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Work on ENIAC began in 1943 under <strong>strict secrecy.<\/strong> The machine&#8217;s construction required about 200,000 man-hours and nearly half a million dollars\u2014a colossal allocation of resources for that time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Staggering_Specifications\"><\/span>Staggering Specifications<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>ENIAC&#8217;s characteristics were astounding. It occupied an area of <strong>1,800 square feet (1.67 a), weighed 30 tons,<\/strong> and consisted of 17,468 vacuum tubes of 16 different types, along with thousands of resistors and capacitors. Its power consumption reached <strong>150 kilowatts,<\/strong> necessitating the installation of a dedicated air conditioning system to prevent overheating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite its massive size, its computational power was phenomenal. The computer could perform up to 5,000 additions or 357 multiplications per second, <strong>outperforming its predecessors by a thousandfold.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1362\" height=\"584\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-17.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3460\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-17.png 1362w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-17-300x129.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-17-768x329.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-17-696x298.png 696w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-17-1068x458.png 1068w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1362px) 100vw, 1362px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Programming_Through_Cables\"><\/span>Programming Through Cables<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite its revolutionary speed, early versions of ENIAC had a significant architectural constraint that severely hampered its versatility: <strong>programming was done physically.<\/strong> To reprogram the machine for a new task\u2014whether changing the type of ballistic calculation or switching to a different mathematical function\u2014engineers had to <strong>manually rewire thousands of cables<\/strong> and toggle switches on its numerous panels. This was an extremely laborious and time-consuming process that, depending on the complexity of the task, could take several days, sometimes even a week.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Essentially, the operator had to literally \u201c<strong>re-plug<\/strong>\u201d parts of the apparatus, physically changing its internal logic. This limitation clearly reflected its original purpose as a giant electronic calculator designed to solve one specific type of military problem, rather than a general-purpose device in the modern sense. The machine was fast, but its preparation for work was cumbersome and slow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This serious bottleneck, which contradicted the idea of a universal computer, was only resolved later. <strong>Significant modifications introduced in 1948<\/strong> allowed for the partial storage of programs in memory, which greatly simplified the process and transformed ENIAC into a more flexible and intellectually autonomous device. This transition from physical to software coding was a <strong>pivotal step<\/strong> in the evolution of all computer architecture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1177\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/eniac-3403781-5b6e131dc9e77c00259e47bc-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3469\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/eniac-3403781-5b6e131dc9e77c00259e47bc-2.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/eniac-3403781-5b6e131dc9e77c00259e47bc-2-300x235.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/eniac-3403781-5b6e131dc9e77c00259e47bc-2-768x603.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/eniac-3403781-5b6e131dc9e77c00259e47bc-2-696x546.jpg 696w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/eniac-3403781-5b6e131dc9e77c00259e47bc-2-1068x838.jpg 1068w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Legacy\"><\/span>The Legacy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Although ENIAC was commissioned by the Army during the war, it was officially unveiled only on <strong>February 15, 1946,<\/strong> after the cessation of hostilities. Thus, its direct impact on the course of World War II was minimal. Nevertheless, its post-war activity proved decisive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the post-war period, the supercomputer was used for various critical calculations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Atomic Research.<\/strong> Computations related to the development of thermonuclear weapons.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Scientific Tasks.<\/strong> Cosmic ray studies and weather forecasting.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ballistic Calculations.<\/strong> Continuing work for the Aberdeen Proving Ground military laboratory.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>ENIAC laid the theoretical and engineering groundwork for the next generation of computers, including EDVAC and UNIVAC, which already featured internal program storage. The invention by Eckert and Mauchly became the <strong>starting point of the digital age.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-18.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-18.png 1000w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-18-300x205.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-18-768x525.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-18-218x150.png 218w, https:\/\/cdn.philadelphia.name\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/54\/2025\/10\/image-18-696x475.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Technological_Fragility\"><\/span>Technological Fragility<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The engineering brilliance of ENIAC was accompanied by a series of significant technical challenges, particularly concerning its daily operation. Due to the use of nearly 18,000 vacuum tubes\u2014the core computational elements\u2014the machine was <strong>extremely sensitive to strain.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The main issue was reliability. Electronic tubes, operating at high power, <strong>regularly burned out.<\/strong> Statistics indicate that, on average, one component failed approximately once a day, requiring an immediate halt to operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finding a faulty tube within the enormous complex, which occupied 1,800 sq ft (1.67 a) and generated substantial heat, was a difficult and lengthy process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The technical staff had to quickly locate and replace defective components to minimize downtime.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Over time, the maintenance team achieved remarkable proficiency, reducing the time to locate and replace a fault to as little as <strong>15 minutes<\/strong>\u2014a true feat under the circumstances.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, the engineers had to contend not only with ballistic equations but also with the <strong>constant electrical and thermal instability<\/strong> of this first electronic giant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Computing_Giant_Key_Facts\"><\/span>The Computing Giant: Key Facts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Feature<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Value<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Additional Detail<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Development Location<\/strong><\/td><td>University of Pennsylvania, <strong>Philadelphia<\/strong>.<\/td><td>Moore School of Electrical Engineering.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Principal Inventors<\/strong><\/td><td>John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.<\/td><td>Received contract from the U.S. Army.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Number of Vacuum Tubes<\/strong><\/td><td>Approximately 18,000 units.<\/td><td>High count enabled its speed.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Official Launch Date<\/strong><\/td><td>February 15, 1946.<\/td><td>After the end of World War II.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Computational Speed<\/strong><\/td><td>Up to 5,000 additions per second.<\/td><td>Thousands of times faster than electromechanical devices.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Weight<\/strong><\/td><td>30 tons.<\/td><td>Required special infrastructure and maintenance.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>ENIAC became more than just a machine; it was a <strong>manifesto for the electronic era.<\/strong> It proved that computations previously taking weeks could be executed in mere seconds using purely electronic components. This tube-based giant from <a href=\"https:\/\/iphiladelphia.net\/en\/eternal-17688-philadelphia-how-brotherly-love-became-the-name-of-an-american-metropolis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the City of Brotherly Love<\/a>, despite its cost and complex maintenance (primarily due to the regular failure of vacuum tubes), finally ended the era of mechanical calculators. It <strong>pioneered a new industry,<\/strong> inspired the Von Neumann architecture, and directly influenced the invention of commercial computers like UNIVAC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, ENIAC is not merely a historical artifact, but the <strong>undeniable father of all modern digital technologies<\/strong> that we use today.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The story of the first fully functional electronic digital computer, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), is intimately tied to Philadelphia. It was here, within the walls of the University of Pennsylvania&#8217;s Moore School of Electrical Engineering, at the height of a world conflict, that the machine that would change the world was born. The [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":396,"featured_media":3413,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[338],"tags":[2497,2496,2481,2480,2490,2426,2482,2493,2495,2491,2498,2484,2486,2477,2487,2489,2485,2483,2492,2494,2436,2479,2478,2488],"moimportance":[33],"motype":[325],"moformat":[22],"class_list":{"0":"post-3456","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-developments","8":"tag-ballistic-calculations","9":"tag-computational-speed","10":"tag-digital-age","11":"tag-electromechanical-relays","12":"tag-electronic-computer","13":"tag-eniac","14":"tag-j-presper-eckert","15":"tag-john-mauchly","16":"tag-philadelphia-city-of-brotherly-love","17":"tag-philadelphia-computer-development","18":"tag-philadelphia-computer-history","19":"tag-philadelphia-computing-center","20":"tag-philadelphia-engineers","21":"tag-philadelphia-eniac-legacy","22":"tag-philadelphia-military-demand","23":"tag-philadelphia-military-projects","24":"tag-philadelphia-moore-school","25":"tag-philadelphia-museum-exhibits","26":"tag-philadelphia-technological-legacy","27":"tag-programming-via-cables","28":"tag-univac","29":"tag-university-of-pennsylvania-philadelphia","30":"tag-vacuum-tubes","31":"tag-von-neumann-architecture","32":"moimportance-retranslyacziya-v-agregatory","33":"motype-eternal","34":"moformat-longrid-korotka"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3456","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/396"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3456"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3456\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3472,"href":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3456\/revisions\/3472"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3413"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3456"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3456"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3456"},{"taxonomy":"moimportance","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/moimportance?post=3456"},{"taxonomy":"motype","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/motype?post=3456"},{"taxonomy":"moformat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/philadelphia.name\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/moformat?post=3456"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}